Latchem, C. and Jung, I. (2010) Distance and blended learning in Asia New York/London: Routledge

Overview

This is one of the best books I have read recently on distance education and has lots of good material on e-learning in Asia, as well. It casts its net amazingly wide, from Turkey and Syria in the west through Mongolia and Afghanistan and India and China to Indonesia, Japan, Korea and the Philippines and everywhere in between – yes, including Myanmar and Bhutan. All this is accomplished within about 200 pages of very readable text.

I strongly recommend this book to everyone with an interest in e-learning and distance education, and especially those in Asia, but it will also be of particular value to African institutions, as it provides some clear pointers for how e-learning and distance education can be, and has been, developed in less economically advanced countries. There are also some important messages for institutions in North America and Europe, as I will discuss later. But first, let’s look in more detail at what this book covers.

Contents:

Chapter 1: Technology, e-readiness and e-learning readiness This provides data and information on the state of technology access for nearly all Asian countries in terms of a mobile phones, Internet access and world rankings for e-readiness and e-learning readiness, and relates this to different national strategies in these areas. There is a fascinating section in this chapter about cultural differences in the use of technology.

Chapter 2: Open schooling, SchoolNets, and ICT integration in classrooms includes a detailed analysis of success and failure characteristics of ICT integration in the k-12/school sectors across Asia.

Chapter 3: Higher Education This includes a section on the 33 open universities in Asia, another section on dual-mode, blended and cross-border institutions, followed by a section on the ‘Third Wave’ – recent newcomers to e-learning and distance education. The final section is a critical look at the challenges facing distance and blended learning in Asian higher education.

Chapter 4: Lifelong learning, workplace training, professional development and non-formal adult and community development.This has sections on policy, planning and provision for lifelong learning, workplace training, gender issues, basic and non-formal adult and community education, and ends with a set of lessons learned.

Chapter 5: New providers and new markets. This includes discussion of virtual/cyber institutions in Asia, of which there are many more than I expected, especially but not exclusively in South Korea and Malaysia, national and international consortia, partnerships and networks, national for-profit providers, and a final section of conclusions, including again success and failure factors.

Chapter 6: ICT integration in and beyond the school. This chapter focuses on how schools (k-12) are integrating ICTs in the classroom, including the different types of pedagogy being used, in the different countries of Asia, with a final section on out-of-school applications of ICTs.

Chapter 7: Instructional design, learner support, and assessment in e-learning. This chapter focuses particularly on the design of e-learning, with sections on instructional design, mobile learning, blended learning, learner support, and e-assessment.

Chapter 8: Leadership for educational change and innovation. As the introduction to the chapter states (quoting  Schleicher, 2006): ‘success goes to those countries and institutions that are open to change and swift to adapt, and there is still need to improve educational access, enhance quality and develop leadership capacity,’ p. 131. This chapter focuses on leadership in Asian distance and blended learning, with sections on strategic planning, leadership styles, leadership and Asian culture, strategies for leadership in change management, and leadership recruitment and development. Although the examples are all from Asia, this should be mandatory reading for senior administrators in universities and colleges everywhere.

Chapter 9: Quality assurance and accreditation. After a brief discussion of quality assurance, there are sections on QA in schooling, technical and vocational education and training, and higher education, followed by an analysis of QA in Asian open and distance learning (ODL), including the different national strategies for QA. There is then a more detailed discussion of administering QA in ODL institutions, including a short section on QA in e-learning The chapter ends with discussions of international recognition and accreditation, and transnational QA.

Chapter 10: Staff training and development. This starts by linking the need for staff development to change management, describes the general lack of training and staff development in Asia for distance and blended learning activities, and provides a model and different strategies or approaches to staff development and training, including a comprehensive list of online training resources.

Chapter 11: Research, publication and translating research into practice. This chapter is basically a plea for more and better research in distance and blended learning by Asian researchers, particularly focusing on the Asian context. It includes a comprehensive agenda for research and some useful tips about how to get published, and why Asian researchers tend to be under-represented in publications in this area.

Chapter 12: Conclusions. This is a very short, four page chapter (probably due to exhaustion by the authors!) which nevertheless provides some very useful lessons and conclusions drawn from the book as a whole.

There is also an extensive bibliography of publications, of which the majority are by Asian authors.

Evaluation of the book

I have provided this detailed description of the contents to convey the breadth and scope of this publication. It is not only comprehensive in the countries it covers, but also in the key topics discussed. It is embedded with examples from different countries, and the analysis and conclusions are convincing. There are times when it reads like a list of activities, but I would rather the discussion was drawn from multiple examples than isolated cases, and the authors do this really well.

What I took particularly from the book is the tremendous energy and drive in Asia towards distance and blended learning. Yes, mistakes are being made, and these are well identified by the authors, but overall one gets the feeling of a huge juggernaut of innovation and change sweeping through many Asian educational institutions. While there are many laggards, countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, India and China are making rapid progress in distance education and e-learning. In particular, there seems more appetite for fundamental changes, such as the cyber-universities, in some Asian countries than will be found in North America or Europe.

Underlying the book are both differences in ethnic cultures, which is well discussed in the book, and the academic culture, which is less well discussed. It is therefore not always easy to identify those problems that are generic to educational institutions, and those that are specific to particular countries or cultures or even Asia in general.

Nevertheless, there are many lessons in this book not just for Asian institutions, but also for those in North America, Europe, and Australasia. The importance of training and staff development if e-learning is to be successful, the benefit of national strategies for e-readiness, of which e-learning is a part, the need to focus on the design of learning environments as well as the technology, the value of visionary and professional leadership, and the critical role that research in e-learning can and should play in adapting technology-based teaching to local environments and cultures, are all clearly set out in this book, and are relevant everywhere, not just in Asia.

Although the particular ODL and e-learning initiatives in Asia will gradually fade from memory, the lessons learned from these experiences and described in this book will last much longer. This will be a book I will constantly refer to over time. Congratulations, Colin and Insung!

The authors

Colin Latchem is an experienced consultant in open and distance learning, based in Western Australia, but with experience in many different countries. Previously he held a professorial position as the Head of the Teaching Learning Group at Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia until 1998.

Dr. Insung Jung is a professor of education technology and communications at the International Christian University (ICU) in Tokyo, and has many years of experience in distance education and e-learning institutions in Korea and in an international context. Before joining ICU in 2003, she served as the Director of the Multimedia Education Center at the Ewha Women’s University in Seoul. From 1992 through 2000, Dr. Jung was on the faculty of the Korea National Open University.

Disclaimer: Although I am one of three editors for the series in which this book is published, I was not involved in any way in the selection for publication or production of this book.

All photos:© Tony Bates 2009.